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Provigil vs Adderall
Introduction
For patients diagnosed with narcolepsy, sleep apnea or ADHD, certain drugs that affect the concentrations of compounds in the brain called neurotransmitters can help manage symptoms. Provigil and Adderall are two such commonly prescribed medications for these conditions. They each impact different neurotransmitters in the brain but both have stimulating effects that aid in promoting wakefulness and focusing attention.
Provigil, also known as Modafinil, is a wakefulness-promoting drug affecting levels of dopamine by reducing its reuptake into nerves in the brain. On the other hand, Adderall is an amphetamine type that increases levels of norepinephrine and dopamine available to your receptors by stimulating their release while simultaneously slowing down their reuptake and breakdown.
Provigil vs Adderall Side By Side
| Attribute | Provigil | Adderall |
|---|---|---|
| Brand Name | Provigil | Adderall |
| Contraindications | Should not be taken with MAOIs or if experiencing increased anxiety or agitation. | Should not be taken with MAOIs or if experiencing severe anxiety or agitation. |
| Cost | For brand-name, around $770 for 30 tablets of 200 mg. For generic modafinil, costs range between $0.75 to $2.50 per day. | For brand-name, about $380 for 60 tablets of 20 mg. For generic amphetamine salts, costs can be as low as $0.10 per day to about $1/day. |
| Generic Name | Modafinil | Amphetamine and Dextroamphetamine |
| Most Serious Side Effect | Skin rash that could lead to blistering and peeling (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome), allergic reactions, mental/mood changes. | Behavioral changes such as aggression and paranoia, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, seizure. |
| Severe Drug Interactions | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs). |
| Typical Dose | 100-200 mg/day, up to a maximum of 400 mg/day. | Starting at 5–10 mg/day, increased gradually to 20-30 mg/day, up to a maximum of 60 mg/day. |
What is Provigil?
Modafinil (the generic name for Provigil) was the first drug of its kind, a wakefulness-promoting agent used to treat narcolepsy, sleep apnea, and shift work sleep disorder. It was approved by the FDA in 1998. Unlike Adderall, which is a stimulant that increases levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain to promote alertness and focus, Modafinil works through a variety of neurochemical actions including dopamine reuptake inhibition as well as other non-dopaminergic mechanisms. This results in it having fewer side effects than traditional stimulants like Adderall. Furthermore, while both drugs can be prescribed for similar conditions such as ADHD or cognitive enhancement purposes - they have distinct differences: Modafinil has less potential for addiction or misuse compared to Adderall which is classified under Schedule II controlled substances due to its high risk of abuse and dependence.
What conditions is Provigil approved to treat?
Provigil, also known as modafinil, is approved for the treatment of certain conditions including:
- Narcolepsy, a neurological disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), where it's used as an adjunct to standard treatments
- Shift work sleep disorder (SWSD), a condition in shift workers who have difficulty staying awake during their working hours and sleeping when off duty.
Adderall, on the other hand:
- Is primarily used for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity.
- Also treats narcolepsy by helping patients stay awake during the day.
How does Provigil help with these illnesses?
Provigil, also known as Modafinil, promotes wakefulness and alertness by altering the natural chemicals in the brain. It does this by inhibiting dopamine reuptake into neurons which allows for higher concentrations of dopamine to be available in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays an essential role in motivation, reward, attention, mood regulation and control of voluntary movements. For individuals with conditions like narcolepsy or sleep apnea causing excessive daytime sleepiness or shift work disorder disrupting their normal sleeping pattern, Provigil can enhance cognitive performance and maintain wakefulness without causing jittery feelings often associated with other stimulants. Therefore, increasing dopamine availability can limit the effects of these conditions and help patients manage their symptoms effectively.
What is Adderall?
Adderall, a brand name for the combined formulation of amphetamine and dextroamphetamine salts, is known as a central nervous system stimulant. It functions by increasing the levels of dopamine (a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, movement, and attention) and norepinephrine in the brain by reducing their reuptake. This leads to enhanced focus and concentration. Adderall was first approved by the FDA in 1996 primarily to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Unlike Provigil which is not an amphetamine-based drug, Adderall has potential for addiction due to its action on dopamine. As such it's classified as a Schedule II controlled substance indicating its high potential for abuse. However, when used correctly under medical supervision it can be highly effective in managing ADHD symptoms. Compared to SSRIs or drugs like Provigil that act primarily on serotonin or wakefulness-promoting pathways respectively, Adderall’s effect profile includes increased alertness but potentially also side effects like insomnia or weight loss due to reduced appetite.
What conditions is Adderall approved to treat?
Adderall, a stimulant medication primarily composed of amphetamine salts, is approved by the FDA for the treatment of:
- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Narcolepsy, which is an often under-diagnosed sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness
How does Adderall help with these illnesses?
Adderall, like Provigil, promotes wakefulness and is often used to treat symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. It works by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, thereby improving concentration, focus and reducing impulsivity. Adderall's effect on these neurotransmitters can also lead to increased energy levels and decreased appetite. Unlike Provigil which has a more targeted action on promoting alertness without significantly affecting other areas in the brain, Adderall impacts several different neurotransmitter systems within the brain including serotonin. This broad-spectrum activity makes it effective for a wider range of conditions but also increases its potential side effects compared to Provigil. Therefore, Adderall is sometimes prescribed when patients do not respond well to other stimulant medications or may be combined with them if needed.
How effective are both Provigil and Adderall?
Both modafinil (Provigil) and amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall) have a well-established history of efficacy in treating attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with their FDA approval dates only being 2 years apart. While they both promote wakefulness, they act on different neurotransmitters and therefore may be prescribed under different circumstances. Modafinil was directly compared to Adderall in a double-blind clinical study in 2000; the two drugs showed similar efficacy in managing symptoms of ADHD as well as comparable safety profiles.
A meta-analysis conducted in 2011 demonstrated that modafinil is effective at improving wakefulness starting from the first week of treatment. Its side effect profile is considered favorable compared to many other stimulants, and it's generally well-tolerated by most populations. In addition, because it lacks the euphoria associated with traditional stimulants, there's less potential for misuse or addiction.
On the other hand, a comprehensive review published in 2018 indicated that Adderall seems more effective than placebo at relieving symptoms of ADHD and boosting cognitive performance. However, its use typically comes after behavioral interventions or non-stimulant options due to its higher risk for dependency and abuse. Furthermore, while data confirming Adderall's effectiveness as a standalone treatment is robust due to extensive research on its use alone or alongside non-stimulant medication, evidence supporting it significantly augmenting the effects of other ADHD medications remains relatively limited.
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At what dose is Provigil typically prescribed?
Oral dosages of Provigil typically range from 100-200 mg/day, but studies have indicated that 200 mg/day is sufficient for treating narcolepsy or sleep apnea in most people. Children and adolescents may be started on lower doses. In either population, dosage can be increased after a few weeks if there is no response. The maximum dosage that should not be exceeded in any case is 400 mg/day.
On the other hand, Adderall dosages vary widely depending on whether it's being used to treat ADHD or narcolepsy. For ADHD in adults and children over the age of six, initial dosages often start at 5mg once or twice daily and can increase up to a maximum of 40mg per day. For narcolepsy treatment in adults, dosages usually begin around 10mg per day and might increase based on individual efficacy and tolerability.
Both medications need doctor’s prescription as their misuse can lead to serious side effects.
At what dose is Adderall typically prescribed?
Adderall treatment typically begins at a dosage of 5–10 mg/day, which is then increased gradually to 20-30 mg/day, divided into two doses. These are usually taken 4-6 hours apart depending on the individual's response and tolerance to the drug. The maximum dose varies greatly between individuals but can be up to 60 mg/day divided into multiple doses. If there is no significant improvement in symptoms or if side effects become problematic, physicians may reassess the patient's condition and adjust the dosage accordingly after a few weeks of therapy. Please remember that Adderall has a high potential for abuse and dependency; therefore, it should always be used under close supervision by your healthcare provider.
What are the most common side effects for Provigil?
The most common side effects of Provigil (modafinil) and Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) include:
- Nervousness or anxiety
- Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
- Uncontrollable shaking of a part of the body
- Dizziness or fainting
- Appetite changes, which may lead to weight loss
- Diarrhea, constipation, gas, nausea or heartburn
- Dry mouth or unusual taste in mouth
- Sweating excessively
- Weakness and fatigue
More serious side effects can include:
- Chest pain
- Palpitations, fast/pounding heartbeat
- Mood changes such as depression
- Hallucinations
It should be noted that each individual may react differently to these medications. Always consult your health care provider before making any decisions about medication.
Are there any potential serious side effects for Provigil?
While Provigil is generally considered safe, there are potential serious side effects to be aware of:
- Allergic reactions such as hives, difficulty breathing, swelling in your face or throat
- Skin rash that could lead to blistering and peeling (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)
- Mental/mood changes such as agitation, confusion
- Chest pain or irregular heartbeat
- Unusual tiredness or weakness
Furthermore, use of Provigil may sometimes result in an irregular heart rhythm condition known as Long QT Syndrome. Symptoms include fast/irregular heartbeat and severe dizziness.
In rare cases, symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may occur. This includes fever/swelling lymph nodes/rash on the nose & cheeks (DRESS syndrome).
If you experience any of these symptoms while taking Provigil contact your healthcare provider immediately.
What are the most common side effects for Adderall?
Adderall can cause a range of side effects, including:
- Dry mouth and throat
- Nervousness and restlessness
- Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)
- Fast heartbeat or palpitations
- Increased blood pressure
- Digestive issues such as stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and weight loss
- Dizziness or lightheadedness
- Tremors or shaking movements
- Constipation or other changes in bowel habits
- Headaches -Muscle weakness or joint pain.
Additionally, Adderall may lead to blurred vision and there's potential for rash development. In rare instances it might also cause confusion or agitation. Therefore it's crucial to discuss these considerations with your healthcare provider when choosing between Provigil and Adderall.
Are there any potential serious side effects for Adderall?
While Adderall, like all medications, can come with potential side effects, it is essential to know what severe reactions could occur. Some of the more serious signs are:
- Signs of allergic reaction: hives or other rash-like symptoms; difficulty breathing; swelling in your face, lips, tongue or throat
- Behavioral changes such as aggression and paranoia
- Unusual mood swings or increased anxiety
- Seizure (convulsions)
- Disturbed vision or blurred sight
- Chest pain accompanied by dizziness and fainting
- Rapid heartbeat which may be irregular at times
- Numbness or weakness especially on one side of your body -Muscle twitches (tics)
If you notice any of these symptoms while taking Adderall, stop using it immediately and seek medical attention without delay.
Contraindications for Provigil and Adderall?
Both Provigil and Adderall, like many other stimulant medications, may exacerbate symptoms of anxiety or agitation in some individuals. If you notice your anxiety increasing, or an escalation in restlessness or nervous feelings, please seek immediate medical attention.
Neither Provigil nor Adderall should be taken if you are taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) or have been doing so recently. It is crucial to always inform your healthcare provider about all the medicines you are currently using; MAOIs will require a period of about 2 weeks to eliminate from your system to avoid dangerous interactions with either Provigil or Adderall.
How much do Provigil and Adderall cost?
For the brand-name versions of these drugs:
- The price of 30 tablets of Provigil (200 mg) averages around $770, which works out to approximately $25-$50/day, depending on your dose.
- The price for 60 tablets of Adderall (20 mg) is about $380, working out to roughly $6.30/day.
Thus, if you are in a higher dosage range for Provigil (i.e., 400 mg/day), then brand-name Adderall is less expensive on a per-day treatment basis. However, cost should not be the primary consideration when determining which medication is right for you.
For generic versions of Provigil (modafinil) and Adderall (amphetamine salts), costs are significantly lower:
- Modafinil (100 mg tablets) can be found in packs from 30 capsules and above with approximate costs ranging between $0.75 to $2.50 per day at doses between 100mg/day or more typically dosages of up to 300mg/day.
- Amphetamine salts are available in packs starting from fifteen up to one thousand capsules with the cost averaging as low as $0.10 per day when bought upfront and generally does not exceed about a dollar ($1)/day.
Popularity of Provigil and Adderall
Modafinil, in generic form as well as brand names such as Provigil, was estimated to have been prescribed to about 1.9 million people in the US in 2020. Modafinil accounted for just over 2% of prescriptions for wakefulness-promoting agents in the US. Despite not being classified with typical stimulants like amphetamines or methylphenidate, it is an effective treatment for narcolepsy and shift work sleep disorder. The prevalence of modafinil has shown a steady increase since its approval by the FDA.
Amphetamine mixed salts, including brand versions such as Adderall, were prescribed to approximately 16 million people in the USA in 2020. In the US, these medications account for just under half of all prescriptions for ADHD treatments and are also commonly used off-label by students and professionals seeking cognitive enhancement. The use of these drugs has soared over recent years due to their effectiveness at improving focus and reducing hyperactivity and impulsive behavior.
Conclusion
Both Provigil (modafinil) and Adderall (amphetamine and dextroamphetamine) have a well-established history of use for managing symptoms of narcolepsy, with numerous clinical studies indicating that they are more effective than placebo treatments. They may be used together in some cases, but this should be under the careful supervision of a physician due to potential interactions. They operate differently: while Provigil's mechanism is not fully understood, it is believed to influence dopamine levels in the brain; on the other hand, Adderall directly increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine.
Provigil can often be considered as an initial treatment option for patients who need increased wakefulness without experiencing severe side effects. In contrast, Adderall might typically be chosen for those who did not respond adequately to other medications or when stronger symptom control is necessary.
Both drugs are available in generic form which offers significant cost savings particularly for patients paying out-of-pocket. Both Provigil and Adderall may require an adjustment period during which time effects may not immediately become apparent.
The side effect profiles are similar between these two medicines; both generally being well-tolerated yet capable of causing insomnia or headaches among others. But compared to Provigil, Adderall possesses a higher risk profile including possible addiction due to its stimulant nature. Patients must closely monitor themselves when starting either medication and seek immediate medical help if their condition worsens or they begin having suicidal thoughts or tendencies towards self-harm.
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Refrences
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