Dairy vs Carbs vs Water for Bone Health and Inflammation
(BIONEX Trial)
Recruiting in Palo Alto (17 mi)
Age: 18 - 65
Sex: Any
Travel: May Be Covered
Time Reimbursement: Varies
Trial Phase: Academic
Recruiting
Sponsor: York University
Must not be taking: Chronic condition medications
Disqualifiers: Smoking, Chronic, Inflammatory, Auto-immune, others
Trial Summary
What is the purpose of this trial?
This trial tests if drinking milk, Greek yogurt, a sugary drink, or water after exercise can improve bone health and reduce inflammation in healthy young adults. The study will measure changes in indicators related to bones and inflammation. The goal is to find out if these simple dietary changes can help keep bones strong and reduce body swelling. Milk has been shown in various studies to promote bone formation and prevent bone loss.
Will I have to stop taking my current medications?
The trial requires that participants are not on any medication related to a chronic condition, so you may need to stop such medications to participate.
What data supports the effectiveness of the treatment Carbohydrate (Maltodextrin powder mixed with water), Maltodextrin, Glucidex, Maldrin, Fibersol 2(E), GLUCODRY, Instant Stellar, Lycatab, MALDEX, MALTODEXTRIN (EP IMPURITY), MALTODEXTRIN (EP MONOGRAPH), MALTODEXTRIN (II), MALTODEXTRIN (MART.), Maldex 15, Maltodextrin(n-2), Maltrin, STAR-DRI, Greek yogurt, Yogurt, Greek-style yogurt, Strained yogurt, High-Intensity Exercise, High-Intensity Interval Training, HIIT, Sprint Interval Training, SIT, High-Intensity Interval Exercise, HIIE, Skim Milk, Non-fat milk, Fat-free milk, Low-fat milk, Light milk, Water, Watermelon Juice, Citrulline-rich Watermelon Juice?
Research shows that milk consumption may reduce bone resorption (breakdown) after exercise compared to carbohydrate drinks like maltodextrin, suggesting milk might be more beneficial for bone health. Additionally, exercise and dairy intake have been shown to improve bone mineralization, although the specific effects of maltodextrin on bone health are not highlighted in the studies.12345
Is high-intensity interval training (HIIT) safe for bone health and inflammation?
How does the treatment of high-intensity exercise combined with dairy consumption differ from other treatments for bone health and inflammation?
This treatment is unique because it combines high-intensity exercise with dairy consumption, which may help reduce bone resorption (breakdown) and inflammation after exercise. Unlike other treatments, this approach uses the nutritional benefits of milk to potentially modulate the body's response to exercise, offering a novel way to support bone health and manage inflammation.211121314
Research Team
AR
Andrea R Josse, PhD
Principal Investigator
York University
Eligibility Criteria
This trial is for healthy young adults aged 18-30 with a normal BMI who are low to moderately active. Participants must either be on birth control or have regular menstrual cycles, and not be taking medication for chronic conditions. They should not have allergies to dairy protein, lactose intolerance, or smoke regularly.Inclusion Criteria
I am between 18 and 30 years old.
You are physically active either rarely or a few times per week.
You do not have any allergy to dairy protein or lactose intolerance.
See 3 more
Exclusion Criteria
I have a long-term illness, inflammation, or an auto-immune disease.
You smoke cigarettes, use e-cigarettes (like vapes), or use cannabis regularly.
Trial Timeline
Screening
Participants are screened for eligibility to participate in the trial
2-4 weeks
Treatment
Participants complete 4 different acute exercise and nutritional supplement trials, each separated by 2-4 weeks
16 weeks
Multiple visits for each exercise and supplement trial
Follow-up
Participants are monitored for bone turnover, inflammatory markers, muscle soreness, and performance post-exercise
24 hours post-exercise for each trial
Treatment Details
Interventions
- Carbohydrate (Maltodextrin powder mixed with water) (Dietary Supplement)
- Greek yogurt (Dietary Supplement)
- High-Intensity Exercise (Behavioral Intervention)
- Skim Milk (Dietary Supplement)
- Water (Dietary Supplement)
Trial OverviewThe study is examining if consuming dairy products like Greek yogurt and skim milk can influence bone health and reduce inflammation after high-intensity exercise compared to just having a carbohydrate drink (maltodextrin powder in water) or plain water.
Participant Groups
4Treatment groups
Experimental Treatment
Active Control
Placebo Group
Group I: Exercise and Milk (Milk)Experimental Treatment2 Interventions
Participants will have a fasted baseline blood sample taken upon arrival to the lab. Then they will take part in a high-intensity exercise protocol, consisting of high-intensity interval cycling, resistance exercise, and plyometrics. Following exercise, participants will return to the lab for a 5min post-exercise blood sample, and then consume \~500ml plain skim milk (0% milk fat). An additional blood sample will be taken at 1h post-exercise, followed by an additional \~500ml of skim milk. Blood samples will also be taken at 4h and 24h post-exercise. Participants will also rate their muscle soreness and perform a jump height test at pre-exercise, 5min post-exercise, 4h and 24h post-exercise.
Group II: Exercise and Greek Yogurt (GY)Experimental Treatment2 Interventions
Participants will have a fasted baseline blood sample taken upon arrival to the lab. Then they will take part in a high-intensity exercise protocol, consisting of high-intensity interval cycling, resistance exercise, and plyometrics. Following exercise, participants will return to the lab for a 5min post-exercise blood sample, and then consume \~200g Greek yogurt (0% milk fat). An additional blood sample will be taken at 1h post-exercise, followed by an additional \~200g of Greek yogurt. Blood samples will also be taken at 4h and 24h post-exercise. Participants will also rate their muscle soreness and perform a jump height test at pre-exercise, 5min post-exercise, 4h and 24h post-exercise.
Group III: Exercise and Carbohydrate (CHO)Active Control2 Interventions
Participants will have a fasted baseline blood sample taken upon arrival to the lab. Then they will take part in a high-intensity exercise protocol, consisting of high-intensity interval cycling, resistance exercise, and plyometrics. Following exercise, participants will return to the lab for a 5min post-exercise blood sample, and then consume \~50g of maltodextrin mixed with water (\~500ml). An additional blood sample will be taken at 1h post-exercise, followed by an additional \~500ml of the maltodextrin drink. Blood samples will also be taken at 4h and 24h post-exercise. Participants will also rate their muscle soreness and perform a jump height test at pre-exercise, 5min post-exercise, 4h and 24h post-exercise.
Group IV: Exercise and Water (W)Placebo Group2 Interventions
Participants will have a fasted baseline blood sample taken upon arrival to the lab. Then they will take part in a high-intensity exercise protocol, consisting of high-intensity interval cycling, resistance exercise, and plyometrics. Following exercise, participants will return to the lab for a 5min post-exercise blood sample, and then consume \~500ml water. An additional blood sample will be taken at 1h post-exercise, followed by an additional \~500ml water. Blood samples will also be taken at 4h and 24h post-exercise. Participants will also rate their muscle soreness and perform a jump height test at pre-exercise, 5min post-exercise, 4h and 24h post-exercise.
Find a Clinic Near You
Research Locations NearbySelect from list below to view details:
York UniversityToronto, Canada
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Who Is Running the Clinical Trial?
York University
Lead Sponsor
Trials
64
Patients Recruited
521,000+
References
Effects of calcium and resistance exercise on body composition in overweight premenopausal women. [2019]To examine the combined treatment effect of a mild energy restriction, high dairy calcium intake, and resistance exercise on promoting favorable body composition changes in overweight women with a low dairy intake. Combined treatment strategies may produce synergistic effects on increasing fat loss and preserving bone in a population at risk for obesity and osteoporosis.
Acute Effects of Milk vs. Carbohydrate on Bone Turnover Biomarkers Following Loading Exercise in Young Adult Females. [2023]Dairy products and impact exercise have previously been identified to be independently beneficial for bone mineral properties, however, it is unknown how the combination of these two osteogenic interventions may alter acute bone turnover. Using a randomized crossover design, we compared the acute effects of consuming milk vs. an isoenergetic carbohydrate control beverage on bone biomarkers following loading exercise. Thirteen healthy female participants (Age = 20.3 ± 2.3y; BMI = 21.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) consumed either 550 mL of 0% skim white milk (MILK) or 52.7 g of maltodextrin in 550 mL of water (CHO), both 5 min and 1 h following completion of a combined plyometric (198 impacts) and resistance exercise (3-4 sets/exercise, 8-12 reps/set, ∼75% 1-RM) bout. Venous blood samples were obtained pre-exercise, and 15 min, 75 min, 24 h and 48 h post-exercise to assess serum concentrations of bone resorption biomarkers, specifically carboxyl-terminal crosslinking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), receptor activator nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL), and sclerostin (SOST), as well as bone formation biomarkers, specifically osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteocalcin (OC). When absolute biomarker concentrations were examined, there were no interaction or group effects for any biomarker, however, there were main time effects (p < 0.05) for RANKL, SOST, and OC, which were lower, and the OPG: OPG/RANKL ratio, which was higher at 75 min post-exercise compared with baseline in both conditions. In addition to assessing absolute biomarker concentrations at specific timepoints, we also evaluated the relative (% change) cumulative post-exercise response (75 min to 48 h) using an area under the curve (AUC) analysis. This analysis showed that the relative post-exercise CTX response was significantly lower in the MILK compared to the CHO condition (p = 0.03), with no differences observed in the other biomarkers. These results show that while milk does not appear to alter absolute concentrations of bone biomarkers compared to CHO, it may attenuate relative post-exercise bone resorption (i.e., blunt the usual catabolic response to exercise).
Twelve weeks of a diet and exercise intervention alters the acute bone response to exercise in adolescent females with overweight/obesity. [2023]Introduction: Exercise and consumption of dairy foods have been shown to improve bone mineralization. However, little is known about the magnitude and timing of their synergistic effects on markers and regulators of bone metabolism in response to acute exercise in adolescent females with obesity, a population susceptible to altered bone metabolism and mineral properties. This study examined the influence of twelve weeks of exercise training and nutritional counselling on the bone biochemical marker response to acute exercise and whether higher dairy consumption could further influence the response. Methods: Thirty adolescent females (14.3 ± 2.0 years) with overweight/obesity (OW/OB) completed a 12-week lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training and nutritional counselling. Participants were randomized into two groups: higher dairy intake (RDa; 4 servings/day; n = 14) or low dairy intake (LDa; 0-2 servings/d; n = 16). Participants performed one bout of plyometric exercise (5 circuits; 120 jumps) both pre- and post-intervention. Blood samples were taken at rest, 5 min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum sclerostin, osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (βCTX) concentrations were measured. Results: While there was an overall increase in sclerostin pre-intervention from pre to 5 min post-exercise (+11% p = 0.04), this response was significantly decreased post-intervention (-25%, p = 0.03) independent of dairy intake. The OPG:RANKL ratio was unresponsive to acute exercise pre-intervention but increased 1 h post-exercise (+2.6 AU; p < 0.001) post-intervention. Dairy intake did not further influence these absolute responses. However, after the 12-week intervention, the RDa group showed a decrease in the relative RANKL post-exercise response (-21.9%; p < 0.01), leading to a consistent increase in the relative OPG:RANKL ratio response, which was not the case in the LDa group. There was no influence of the intervention or dairy product intake on OC, OPG, or βCTX responses to acute exercise (p > 0.05). Conclusion: A lifestyle modification intervention involving exercise training blunts the increase in sclerostin and can augment the increase in OPG:RANKL ratio to acute exercise in adolescent females with OW/OB, while dairy product consumption did not further influence these responses.
Exercise for osteoporosis: how to navigate between overeagerness and defeatism. [2018]Osteoporosis and associated fractures remain a common and costly health problem. Public fears about rare side effects of efficacious drug treatments for osteoporosis have contributed to decreased prescription and compliance. Exercise and physical activity-based interventions have long been proposed as an alternative treatment for osteoporosis. However despite compelling evidence from experimental studies in animals and from observational studies in humans, the use of exercise to improve bone mass in clinical practice does not seem to be justifiable by current human interventional studies. In this perspective, we summarise the available evidence in support of exercise on bone mass. We review the modest effects observed in current exercise trials, and propose a number of factors which may contribute to these discrepancies. We also highlight the successful application of exercise to attenuating or even partially reversing bone loss in musculoskeletal disuse. We then propose how collaboration between basic science and clinical partners, and consideration of factors such as exercise modality, exercise intensity and participation motivation could improve exercise efficacy.
A meta-analysis of dietary inflammatory index and bone health status. [2023]The inflammatory potential of diets is associated with several diseases and can affect bone health. We aimed to systematically review and pool the current evidence on the association of DII with bone health in observational studies.
Response of Bone Turnover Markers and Cytokines to High-Intensity Low-Impact Exercise. [2022]Low-impact, high-intensity interval exercise (HIE) was used to investigate the postexercise response in bone turnover markers and cytokines.
Effects of high-intensity interval training in more or less active mice on biomechanical, biophysical and biochemical bone parameters. [2023]High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is of scientific interest due its role in improving physical fitness, but the effects of HIIT on bone health need be carefully explored. Further, it is necessary to know whether HIIT effects on bone health are dependent on the physical activity levels. This may be experimentally tested since we have built a large cage (LC) that allows animals to move freely, promoting an increase of spontaneous physical activity (SPA) in comparison to a small cage (SC). Thus, we examined the effects of HIIT on biophysical, biomechanical and biochemical parameters of bone tissue of C57BL/6J mice living in cages of two different sizes: small (SC) or large (LC) cages with 1320 cm2 and 4800 cm2 floor space, respectively. Male mice were subdivided into two groups within each housing type: Control (C) and Trained (T). At the end of the interventions, all mice were euthanized to extract the femur bone for biophysical, biomechanical and biochemical analyses. Based a significant interaction from two-way ANOVA, trained mice kept in large cage (but not for trained mice housed in SC) exhibited a reduction of tenacity and displacement at failure in bone. This suggests that long-term HIIT program, in addition with a more active lifestyle correlates with exerts negative effects on the bone of healthy mice. A caution must also be raised about the excessive adoption of physical training, at least regarding bone tissue. On the other hand, increased calcium was found in femur of mice housed in LC. In line with this, LC-C mice were more active (i.e. SPA) than other groups. This implies that an active lifestyle without long-term high intensity physical training seems to play a role in promoting benefits to bone tissue. Our data provides new insights for treatment of osteo-health related disorders.
Effectiveness of HIIE versus MICT in Improving Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Health and Disease: A Meta-analysis. [2023]We aimed to investigate differences between high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE, including high-intensity interval training and sprint interval training) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on physical fitness, body composition, blood pressure, blood lipids, insulin and glucose metabolism, inflammation, and endothelial function.
High-Intensity Interval Training in Older Adults: a Scoping Review. [2021]High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an increasingly popular form of aerobic exercise which includes bouts of high-intensity exercise interspersed with periods of rest. The health benefits, risks, and optimal design of HIIT are still unclear. Further, most research on HIIT has been done in young and middle-aged adults, and as such, the tolerability and effects in senior populations are less well-known. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize HIIT research that has been done in older adults including protocols, feasibility, and safety and to identify gaps in the current knowledge. Five databases were searched with variations of the terms, "high-intensity interval training" and "older adults" for experimental or quasi-experimental studies published in or after 2009. Studies were included if they had a treatment group with a mean age of 65 years or older who did HIIT, exclusively. Of 4644 papers identified, 69 met the inclusion criteria. The average duration of training was 7.9 (7.0) weeks (mean [SD]) and protocols ranged widely. The average sample size was 47.0 (65.2) subjects (mean [SD]). Healthy populations were the most studied group (n = 30), followed by subjects with cardiovascular (n = 12) or cardiac disease (n = 9), metabolic dysfunction (n = 8), and others (n = 10). The most common primary outcomes included changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (such as VO2peak) as well as feasibility and safety of the protocols as measured by the number of participant dropouts, adverse events, and compliance rate. HIIT protocols were diverse but were generally well-tolerated and may confer many health advantages to older adults. Larger studies and more research in clinical populations most representative of older adults are needed to further evaluate the clinical effects of HIIT in these groups.
Limited Effects of Endurance or Interval Training on Visceral Adipose Tissue and Systemic Inflammation in Sedentary Middle-Aged Men. [2018]Purpose. Limited data exists for the effects of sprint-interval training (SIT) and endurance training (ET) on total body composition, abdominal visceral adipose tissue, and plasma inflammation. Moreover, whether "active" or "passive" recovery in SIT provides a differential effect on these measures remains uncertain. Methods. Sedentary middle-aged men (n = 62; 49.5 ± 5.8 y; 29.7 ± 3.7 kg·m2) underwent abdominal computed tomography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, venepuncture, and exercise testing before and after the interventions, which included the following: 12 wks 3 d·wk-1 ET (n = 15; 50-60 min cycling; 80% HRmax), SIT (4-10 × 30 s sprint efforts) with passive (P-SIT; n = 15) or active recovery (A-SIT; n = 15); or nonexercise control condition (CON; n = 14). Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, whole-body and visceral fat mass, and plasma systemic inflammation were examined. Results. Compared to CON, significant increases in interpolated power output (P-SIT, P < 0.001; ET, P = 0.012; A-SIT, P = 0.041) and test duration (P-SIT, P = 0.001; ET, P = 0.012; A-SIT, P = 0.046) occurred after training. Final VO2 consumption was increased after P-SIT only (P < 0.001). Despite >90% exercise compliance, there was no change in whole-body or visceral fat mass or plasma inflammation (P > 0.05). Conclusion. In sedentary middle-aged men, SIT was a time-effective alternative to ET in facilitating conditioning responses yet was ineffective in altering body composition and plasma inflammation, and compared to passive recovery, evidenced diminished conditioning responses when employing active recovery.
Dairy product intake decreases bone resorption following a 12-week diet and exercise intervention in overweight and obese adolescent girls. [2021]We examined whether increased dairy intake was associated with changes in the levels of bone-related biochemical markers in overweight/obese adolescent girls undergoing a 12-week diet and exercise intervention.
The Acute Effects of Milk Consumption on Systemic Inflammation after Combined Resistance and Plyometric Exercise in Young Adult Females. [2022]High-intensity/impact exercise elicits a transient increase in inflammatory biomarkers. Consuming nutrient-dense wholefoods, like milk, following exercise may modulate post-exercise inflammation and aid recovery. We examined the effect of post-exercise skim milk consumption (versus an isoenergetic, isovolumetric carbohydrate [CHO] drink) on acute exercise-induced inflammation in untrained females. Using a randomized crossover design, 13 healthy females (age = 20 ± 2.3 y; BMI = 21.0 ± 1.1 kg/m2) completed two bouts of combined resistance/plyometric exercise followed by either skim milk (MILK) or CHO at 5-min and 1 h post-exercise. Serum interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) concentrations were measured at pre-exercise, 15-min, 75-min, 24 h, and 48 h post-exercise. IL-6 increased 15-min post-exercise vs. all other timepoints (time effect, p = 0.017). Between 24 and 48 h, IL-10 decreased and increased in the MILK and CHO conditions, respectively (interaction, p = 0.018). There were no significant effects for IL-1β or TNF-α. Relative concentrations of IL-1β (p = 0.049) and IL-10 (p = 0.028) at 48 h post-exercise were lower in MILK vs. CHO. Milk post-exercise did not influence the absolute concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, there were divergent responses for the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, and milk reduced the relative inflammatory response at 48 h (vs. CHO) for IL-1β and IL-10. This demonstrates the potential for milk to modulate inflammation post-exercise in this sample.
The acute effects of dairy calcium intake on fat metabolism during exercise and endurance exercise performance. [2019]The purpose of this study was to test the effect of acute dairy calcium intake on exercise energy metabolism and endurance performance. Trained female runners completed two trials. Each trial consisted of a 90-min glycogen depletion run followed by a self-paced 10K time trial, conducted one hour after consumption of a high dairy (500 mg Ca+2) or low dairy (80 mg Ca+2) meal. During the 90-min run, blood samples and respiratory gases were collected. No treatment main effects of acute dairy intake were found for respiratory exchange ratio (RER), calculated fat oxidation, lactate, glycerol, or 10K time. Following this protocol, acute dairy calcium intake did not alter fat utilization or endurance performance in trained female runners.
Dietary inflammatory index and bone mineral density in Mexican population. [2022]Dietary inflammatory index has been associated with bone loss. In this longitudinal study, we reported that changes in dietary inflammatory index were associated with a reduction in bone mineral density of the total hip and femoral neck in males and females ≥ 45 years, but not in individuals